9HLOLJKHLGVLQVWUXFWLHV
$OJHPHHQ
'H]HLQVWUXFWLHVEHWUHIIHQGHYHLOLJKHLGHQGLH
QHQ GDDURP ]RUJYXOGLJ WH ZRUGHQ JHOH]HQ
DOYRUHQVWRWGHLQVWDOODWLHHQGHLQZHUNLQJVWHO
OLQJRYHUWHJDDQ
0RFKW XZ DSSDUDDWDOV YHUYDQJLQJ YDQ HHQ RXGHU
PRGHOGLHQHQGDQZRUGWXYHU]RFKWKHWRXGHDSSD
UDDWRQEUXLNEDDUWHPDNHQ+DDOGHVWHNNHUXLWKHW
VWRSFRQWDFWVQLMGKHWVWURRPVQRHUGRRUHQJRRLGH
VWHNNHUPHWGHUHVWYDQKHWVQRHURSPLOLHXYULHQGH
OLMNH ZLM]H ZHJ (HQ HYHQWXHHO NQLSVORWRI YHUJUHQ
GHOLQJGLHQW DEVROXXW RQEUXLNEDDU JHPDDNW WHZRU
GHQ2SGLHPDQLHUYRRUNRPWXGDWVSHOHQGHNLQGH
UHQ ]LFK]HOI RI DQGHUHQ NXQQHQ RSVOXLWHQ HQ LQ
OHYHQVJHYDDU NXQQHQJHUDNHQ
+HW NRHOFLUFXLW EHYDW LVREXWDDQ 5D HHQ ]HHU
PLOLHXYULHQGHOLMNQDWXXUJDVGDWHFKWHUEUDQGEDDULV
%LMHHQJDVOHNNDQKHWELMRSHQYODPRIDQGHUHRQW
VWHNLQJVEURQ RQWSORIIHQ 'DDURP PRJHQ LQ KHW
DSSDUDDW JHHQ KXLVKRXGDSSDUDWHQ PHW HOHNWURPR
WRUELMYURHUPDFKLQHVPL[HUVHQLMVPDFKLQHVHQ]
JHEUXLNWZRUGHQ9HUGHUPRJHQJHHQYHUZDUPLQJV
WRHVWHOOHQ RI DQGHUH RQWVWHNLQJVEURQQHQ LQ KHW
DSSDUDDWDDQJHEUDFKWZRUGHQHQYRRUDOJHHQRSHQ
YODPPHQ $DQJH]LHQ KHW NRHOPLGGHO ]ZDDUGHU LV
GDQ GH OXFKW YHU]DPHOW GLW ]LFK RS GH ERGHP %LM
VFKDGHDDQKHWDSSDUDDWGLHQWGHUXLPWHZDDULQKHW
DSSDUDDWVWDDWJRHGJHOXFKWWHZRUGHQ5HSDUDWLHV
PRJHQXLWVOXLWHQGGRRUHUNHQGHYDNPHQVHQZRUGHQ
YHUULFKW
%LMEHGULMIVPDWLJJHEUXLNGLHQHQGHYRRUKHWEHGULMIV
OHYHQ JHOGHQGH YRRUVFKULIWHQ LQ DFKW WH ZRUGHQ
JHQRPHQ
+HWSODDWVHQ
6OXLWJHHQEHVFKDGLJGDSSDUDDWDDQ/HWYRRUDORS
GDWKHWVQRHU]LFKLQSHUIHFWHVWDDWEHYLQGW
%LMKHW WUDQVSRUWSODDWVHQYHUSODDWVHQJHEUXLNHQ
UHLQLJHQYDQKHWDSSDUDDWGLHQWPHQHURSWHOHWWHQ
GDWJHHQRQGHUGHOHQYDQKHWNRHOFLUFXLWEHVFKDGLJG
ZRUGHQ +HW VQRHU PDJ QLHW DIJHNOHPG RI GXEEHO
JHYRXZHQZRUGHQ
+HW VWRSFRQWDFW ZDDURS KHW DSSDUDDW DDQJHVORWHQ
ZRUGW GLHQW YROJHQV GH YRRUVFKULIWHQ WH ]LMQ JHwQ
VWDOOHHUG$OOHHQ LQ GLW JHYDO ZRUGW EHVFKHUPLQJ LQ
JHYDOYDQHOHNWURVKRFNJHJDUDQGHHUG
+HW GLHQW ]RGDQLJ JHSODDWVW WH ]LMQ GDW GH VWHNNHU
HUXLWJHWURNNHQNDQZRUGHQ
0HQ GLHQW ]LFK WH KRXGHQ DDQ GH DDQZLM]LQJHQ
EHWUHIIHQGHGHYHQWLODWLHYDQKHWDSSDUDDWGLHLQGH
SDUDJUDDI+HWSODDWVHQEHVFKUHYHQZRUGHQ
+HWDSSDUDDWLV]ZDDU6FKHUSHPHWDOHQUDQGHQDDQ
GHDFKWHUHQRQGHUNDQW YDQ KHW DSSDUDDW KRXGHQ
HHQ JHYDDU YRRU OHWVHO LQ 'UDDJ GDDURP ELM KHW
SODDWVHQRIYHUSODDWVHQDOWLMGEHVFKHUPHQGHKDQG
VFKRHQHQ
%HGLHQLQJ
'HIDEULNDQWNDQQLHWDDQVSUDNHOLMNZRUGHQJHVWHOG
YRRU IRXWHQ GLH YHURRU]DDNW ZRUGHQ GRRU YHUNHHUG
JHEUXLNYDQKHWSURGXFWRIKHWJHEUXLNYRRUDQGHUH
GRHOHQ GDQ GLH GLH LQ GH JHEUXLNVDDQZLM]LQJ
EHVFKUHYHQZRUGHQ
9RRU DOOHZHUN]DDPKHGHQDDQ KHWDSSDUDDW]RDOV
KHW SODDWVHQ KHW YHUDQGHUHQ YDQ GH GHXUDDQVODJ
KHW UHLQLJHQ KHW RQWGRRLHQ KHW YHUYDQJHQ YDQ GH
JORHLODPS HQ] GLHQW PHQ GH VWHNNHU XLW KHW VWRS
FRQWDFWWHWUHNNHQRIGH]HNHULQJXLWWHVFKDNHOHQRI
HUXLWWHGUDDLHQ%LMXLWJHVFKDNHOGHVFKDNHODDUV]LMQ
DOOHHQGH IXQFWLHVYDQ KHW DSSDUDDWXLWJHVFKDNHOG
PDDULVHUJHHQYROOHGLJHVFKHLGLQJYDQKHWHOHNWUL
FLWHLWVQHW.DQ PHQQLHW ELMGH VWHNNHUNRPHQGDQ
GLHQWGH]HNHULQJRIZHOGHFRQWDFWRQGHUEUHNHUHHQ
PLQLPXPFRQWDFWDIVWDQGYDQPPWHJDUDQGHUHQ
.XQVWVWRIGHOHQ NXQQHQ GRRU DJUHVVLHYH VWRIIHQ
]RDOVELMYGHVDSSHQYDQFLWUXVYUXFKWHQD]LMQ]XXU
KRXGHQGH OHYHQVPLGGHOHQ HQ YHW]XUHQ DDQJHWDVW
ZRUGHQ
%HZDDU JHHQ EUDQGEDUH YORHLVWRIIHQ HQ JDVVHQ LQ
GHNRHONDVWRIGLHSYULH]HU
([SORVLHJHYDDU
,Q GH GLHSYULH]HU PRJHQ EHKDOYH VWHUNH GUDQNHQ
PHWHHQKRRJDOFRKROJHKDOWHJHHQYORHLVWRIIHQHQ
YRRUDOJHHQNRRO]XXUKRXGHQGHGUDQNHQLQIOHVVHQ
EHZDDUGZRUGHQ
.RP QLHW PHW QDWWH KDQGHQ DDQ GLHSJHYURUHQ
OHYHQVPLGGHOHQGUDDJ KDQGVFKRHQHQ2RN LMVRS
HHQ VWRNMH PDJ QLHW RQPLGGHOOLMN QDGDW KHW XLW GH
GLHSYULH]HU JHKDDOG LV RSJHJHWHQ ZRUGHQ (U
EHVWDDW YDVWYULHVJHYDDU HQ HU NXQQHQ YULHVEODUHQ
RQWVWDDQ
(+%2
0HWHHQ RQGHU NRXG VWURPHQG ZDWHU KRXGHQ 1LHW
ZHJWUHNNHQ
2QWGRRLHQHQUHLQLJHQ
0HQGLHQWHURSWHOHWWHQGDWHUELMKHWUHLQLJHQJHHQ
ZDWHULQGHHOHNWULVFKHRQGHUGHOHQWHUHFKWNRPW
.UDEULMSHQLMVYRUPLQJQLHWPHWVFKHUSHYRRUZHUSHQ
ZHJ*HEUXLNYRRUKHWRQWGRRLHQJHHQVSUD\VHOHN
,QYULHVWLSV
%HVWH.ODQW
0HWGH]HLQYULHVWLSVZLOOHQZHXHHQVQHOOHHQJHPDN
NHOLMN KXOS ELHGHQ ELM GH EHKDQGHOLQJ YDQ XZ OHYHQV
PLGGHOHQ
9RRU YHUGHUH HQ QDXZNHXULJHUH LQIRUPDWLH EHVWDDQHU
HHQJURRWDDQWDOERHNHQRQGHUGHWUHIZRRUGHQOHYHQV
PLGGHOELRORJLHLQYULHVWHFKQLHNHQLQYULH]HQHQ]
8ZRUGWYHU]RFKWELMGHRPJDQJPHWGHOHYHQVPLGGH
OHQLQXZDSSDUDDWUHNHQLQJWHKRXGHQPHWGH]HDDQ
ZLM]LQJHQ
:DWNXQWXYRRUNRPHQ"
'DWOHYHQVPLGGHOHQWHODQJEHZDDUGZRUGHQRPGDW
HUJHHQDDQWHNHQLQJRYHURSGHYHUSDNNLQJVWDDW
%HGRUYHQSOHNNHQRSKHWYOHHVRPGDWKHWLQGLHS
JHYURUHQWRHVWDQGLVEHJLQQHQWHRQWGRRLHQGRRUGDW
KHWLQDDQUDNLQJLVJHNRPHQPHWYHUVHOHYHQVPLG
GHOHQ
7H ODQJ EHZDDUGH OHYHQVPLGGHOHQ GRRU ZDQRUGH
'RRUKHWJHZRRQOLMNVQHORSHQHQHQVOXLWHQYDQKHW
DSSDUDDWNRPWGHRUGHRYHUKHWDOJHPHHQWHNRUW
%HYULH]LQJVYHUEUDQGLQJGRRU
QLHWGLFKWHQDGHQLQKHWIROLH
JDWHQLQKHWIROLHGRRUEHVFKDGLJLQJ
RQYROGRHQGHJHVORWHQGLHSYULHV]DNMHV
QLHWSHUIHFWVOXLWHQGHEDNMHV
7HKRRJVWURRPYHUEUXLNRPGDWKHWDSSDUDDWDOODQJ
RQWGRRLGKDGPRHWHQZRUGHQ
(HQGLNNHODDJULMSLQKHWDSSDUDDWRPGDWWHZDUPH
HQVOHFKWYHUSDNWHOHYHQVPLGGHOHQLQJHYURUHQ]LMQ
9RRUEHUHLGHQ
$OOHHQYHUVHRIYHUVEHUHLGHOHYHQVPLGGHOHQLQYULH]HQ
9ULHVJHHQDOWHJURWHVWXNNHQLQ]RGDWGHOHYHQVPLG
GHOHQJDXZWRWLQGHNHUQGRRUYURUHQ]LMQ%LMHHQVWXN
YOHHVYDQNJPRHWPHWXXUJHUHNHQGZRUGHQ
7LS3ODWWHYRUPHQYULH]HQVQHOOHUGRRU
(HQPDDORQWGRRLGHOHYHQVPLGGHOHQPRJHQJHHQWZHH
GHNHHULQJHYURUHQZRUGHQ9ULHVGDDURPPRJHOLMNSRU
WLHVRIDI]RQGHUOLMNHVWXNNHQRSKHWYULHVEODGLQ
'RRUKHWJHEUXLNYDQ]RXW NDQGHKRXGEDDUKHLGWRW
YHUPLQGHUGZRUGHQ9RHJGDDURPSDVELMKHWEHUHLGHQ
RIKHWRSHWHQ]RXWWRH
2PWHYRRUNRPHQGDWDI]RQGHUOLMNHVWXNNHQDDQHONDDU
YDVWYULH]HQNORPSHQ HQRP GHEHQRGLJGH KRHYHHO
KHLGXLWGHGLHSYULH]HUWHNXQQHQKDOHQ]LMQGHJDQJ
EDUHPHWKRGHQWXVVHQODDJYULHVEODGJODFHUHQ
7XVVHQODJHQ(UZRUGWHHQIROLHWXVVHQGHDI]RQGHUOLM
NHVWXNNHQJHOHJG
9ULHVEODG +HW YULHVEODG ELHGW GH PRJHOLMNKHLG NOHLQH
GHHOWMHV]RDOVEHVVHQEORHPNRROURRVMHVHUZWHQILOHW
VWXNNHQHQ]DI]RQGHUOLMNLQWHYULH]HQ'HGLHSJHYUR
UHQDI]RQGHUOLMNHGHOHQZRUGHQQDRQJHYHHUXXULQ
GLHSYULHVGR]HQ RI ]DNMHV OXFKWGLFKW YHUSDNW HQ
EHZDDUG'UDDLYUXFKWHQHYHQWXHHOHHUVWGRRUVXLNHU
3ODWWH NXQVWVWRI VFKDOHQ NXQQHQ RRN DOV YULHVEODG
GLHQVWGRHQ
*ODFHUHQ 'H]H PHWKRGH ZRUGW YRRUDO GRRU GH GLHS
YULHVLQGXVWULHJHEUXLNW9RRUHHQSDUWLFXOLHUKXLVKRXGHQ
LVGH]HPHWKRGHHUJWLMGURYHQGHQZRUGWGDDURP]HO
GHQJHEUXLNW
%ODQFKHUHQ'HPHHVWHJURHQWHQ]LHYHUGHURSPRH
WHQ YRRUGDW ]H LQJHYURUHQ ZRUGHQ JHEODQFKHHUG ZRU
GHQ +LHUGRRU ZRUGWGRRU HHQ KLWWHVFKRN GH YHUDQGH
ULQJYDQGHVPDDNKHWYLWDPLQHJHKDOWHHQGHNOHXUYHU
PLQGHUG
'H JURHQWHQ ZRUGHQ LQ HHQ ]HHI HQNHOH PLQXWHQ LQ
NRNHQGZDWHUJH]HWYHUYROJHQVRQGHUVWURPHQGNRXG
ZDWHUJHKRXGHQRIQRJEHWHULQLMVZDWHUODWHQVFKULN
NHQ1D KHW DIGUXSSHOHQ PHWHHQ YHUSDNNHQ HQ LQYULH
]HQ
9HLOLJKHLGVLQVWUXFWLHV
%HZDDU JHHQ EUDQGEDUH YORHLVWRIIHQ HQ JDVVHQ LQ
GHNRHONDVWRIGLHSYULH]HU
([SORVLHJHYDDU
,Q GH GLHSYULH]HU PRJHQ EHKDOYH VWHUNH GUDQNHQ
PHWHHQKRRJDOFRKROJHKDOWHJHHQYORHLVWRIIHQHQ
YRRUDOJHHQNRRO]XXUKRXGHQGHGUDQNHQLQIOHVVHQ
EHZDDUGZRUGHQ
.RP QLHW PHW QDWWH KDQGHQ DDQ GLHSJHYURUHQ
OHYHQVPLGGHOHQGUDDJ KDQGVFKRHQHQ2RN LMVRS
HHQ VWRNMH PDJ QLHW RQPLGGHOOLMN QDGDW KHW XLW GH
GLHSYULH]HU JHKDDOG LV RSJHJHWHQ ZRUGHQ (U
EHVWDDW YDVWYULHVJHYDDU HQ HU NXQQHQ YULHVEODUHQ
RQWVWDDQ
(+%2
0HWHHQ RQGHU NRXG VWURPHQG ZDWHU KRXGHQ 1LHW
ZHJWUHNNHQ
.UDEULMSHQLMVYRUPLQJQLHWPHWVFKHUSHYRRUZHUSHQ
ZHJ*HEUXLNYRRUKHWRQWGRRLHQJHHQVSUD\VHOHN
WULVFKH YHUZDUPLQJVDSSDUDWHQ ]RDOV ZDUPH OXFKW
NDFKHOWMHV KDDUGURJHUV VWRRPUHLQLJHUV RI DQGHUH
ZDUPWHEURQQHQ.XQVWVWRIRQGHUGHOHQNXQQHQ KLHU
GRRUYHUYRUPHQ