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MIXING MIXING CONSOLE CONSOLE Owner’s Manual Making the Most Of Your Mixer Pages 6 to 14 EN PRECAUTIONS PLEASE READ CAREFULLY BEFORE PROCEEDING * Please keep this manual in a safe place for future reference. WARNING Always follow the basic precautions listed below to avoid the possibility of serious injury or even death from electrical shock, short-circuiting, damages, fire or other hazards. These precautions include, but are not limited to, the following: Power supply/Power cord Water warning • Only use the voltage specified as correct for the device. The required voltage is printed on the name plate of the device. • Do not expose the device to rain, use it near water or in damp or wet conditions, or place containers on it containing liquids which might spill into any openings. • Use only the specified AC power adaptor (PA-10 or an equivalent recommended by Yamaha). • Never insert or remove an electric plug with wet hands. • Do not place the power cord near heat sources such as heaters or radiators, and do not excessively bend or otherwise damage the cord, place heavy objects on it, or place it in a position where anyone could walk on, trip over, or roll anything over it. Do not open • Do not open the device or attempt to disassemble the internal parts or modify them in any way. The device contains no user-serviceable parts. If it should appear to be malfunctioning, discontinue use immediately and have it inspected by qualified Yamaha service personnel. If you notice any abnormality • If the power cord or plug becomes frayed or damaged, or if there is a sudden loss of sound during use of the device, or if any unusual smells or smoke should appear to be caused by it, immediately turn off the power switch, disconnect the electric plug from the outlet, and have the device inspected by qualified Yamaha service personnel. • If this device or the AC power adaptor should be dropped or damaged, immediately turn off the power switch, disconnect the electric plug from the outlet, and have the device inspected by qualified Yamaha service personnel. CAUTION Always follow the basic precautions listed below to avoid the possibility of physical injury to you or others, or damage to the device or other property. These precautions include, but are not limited to, the following: Power supply/Power cord • Remove the electric plug from the outlet when the device is not to be used for extended periods of time, or during electrical storms. • When removing the electric plug from the device or an outlet, always hold the plug itself and not the cord. Pulling by the cord can damage it. • To avoid generating unwanted noise, make sure there is 50 cm or more between the AC power adaptor and the device. • Do not cover or wrap the AC power adaptor with a cloth or blanket. Location • Before moving the device, remove all connected cables. • Avoid setting all equalizer controls and faders to their maximum. Depending on the condition of the connected devices, doing so may cause feedback and may damage the speakers. • Do not expose the device to excessive dust or vibrations, or extreme cold or heat (such as in direct sunlight, near a heater, or in a car during the day) to prevent the possibility of panel disfiguration or damage to the internal components. • Do not place the device in an unstable position where it might accidentally fall over. • Do not use the device in the vicinity of a TV, radio, stereo equipment, mobile phone, or other electric devices. Otherwise, the device, TV, or radio may generate noise. 2 MG8/2FX Connections • Before connecting the device to other devices, turn off the power for all devices. Before turning the power on or off for all devices, set all volume levels to minimum. Handling caution • Do not insert your fingers or hand in any gaps or openings on the device. • Avoid inserting or dropping foreign objects (paper, plastic, metal, etc.) into any gaps or openings on the device. If this happens, turn off the power immediately and unplug the power cord from the AC outlet. Then have the device inspected by qualified Yamaha service personnel. • Do not use the device or headphones for a long period of time at a high or uncomfortable volume level, since this can cause permanent hearing loss. If you experience any hearing loss or ringing in the ears, consult a physician. • Do not rest your weight on the device or place heavy objects on it, and avoid use excessive force on the buttons, switches or connectors. XLR-type connectors are wired as follows (IEC60268 standard): pin 1: ground, pin 2: hot (+), and pin 3: cold (–). Insert TRS phone jacks are wired as follows: sleeve: ground, tip: send, and ring: return. Yamaha cannot be held responsible for damage caused by improper use or modifications to the device. Always turn the power off when the device is not in use. Even when the power switch is in the “STANDBY” position, electricity is still flowing to the device at the minimum level. When you are not using the device for a long time, make sure you unplug the power cord from the wall AC outlet. The performance of components with moving contacts, such as switches, volume controls, and connectors, deteriorates over time. Consult qualifi ed Yamaha service personnel about replacing defective components. Copying of commercially available music data and/or digital audio files, except for personal use, is strictly prohibited. Illustrations in this manual are for explanatory purposes only, and may not match the actual appearance of the product during operation. Company names and product names used in this Owner’s Manual are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. IMPORTANT NOTICE FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM Connecting the Plug and Cord IMPORTANT. The wires in this mains lead are coloured in accordance with the following code: BLUE : NEUTRAL BROWN : LIVE As the colours of the wires in the mains lead of this apparatus may not correspond with the coloured makings identifying the terminals in your plug proceed as follows: The wire which is coloured BLUE must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter N or coloured BLACK. The wire which is coloured BROWN must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter L or coloured RED. Making sure that neither core is connected to the earth terminal of the three pin plug. • This applies only to products distributed by Yamaha-Kemble Music (U.K.) Ltd. (2 wires). FCC INFORMATION (U.S.A.) 1. IMPORTANT NOTICE: DO NOT MODIFY THIS UNIT! This product, when installed as indicated in the instructions contained in this manual, meets FCC requirements. Modifications not expressly approved by Yamaha may void your authority, granted by the FCC, to use the product. 2. IMPORTANT: When connecting this product to accessories and/or another product use only high quality shielded cables. Cable/s supplied with this product MUST be used. Follow all installation instructions. Failure to follow instructions could void your FCC authorization to use this product in the USA. 3. NOTE: This product has been tested and found to comply with the requirements listed in FCC Regulations, Part 15 for Class “B” digital devices. Compliance with these requirements provides a reasonable level of assurance that your use of this product in a residential environment will not result in harmful interference with other electronic devices. This equipment generates/uses radio frequencies and, if not installed and used according to the instructions found in the users manual, may cause interference harmful to the operation of other electronic devices. Compliance with FCC regulations does not guarantee that interference will not occur in all installations. If this product is found to be the source of interference, which can be determined by turning the unit “OFF” and “ON”, please try to eliminate the problem by using one of the following measures: Relocate either this product or the device that is being affected by the interference. Utilize power outlets that are on different branch (circuit breaker or fuse) circuits or install AC line filter/s. In the case of radio or TV interference, relocate/reorient the antenna. If the antenna lead-in is 300 ohm ribbon lead, change the lead-in to co-axial type cable. If these corrective measures do not produce satisfactory results, please contact the local retailer authorized to distribute this type of product. If you can not locate the appropriate retailer, please contact Yamaha Corporation of America, Electronic Service Division, 6600 Orangethorpe Ave, Buena Park, CA90620 The above statements apply ONLY to those products distributed by Yamaha Corporation of America or its subsidiaries. * This applies only to products distributed by YAMAHA CORPORATION OF AMERICA. (class B) MG8/2FX 3 Introduction Introduction Thank you for your purchase of the YAMAHA MG8/2FX mixing console. The MG8/2FX is a compact unit offering up to eight input channels and incorporating high-quality internal digital effects. The mixer combines ease of operation with support for multiple usage environments. Please read through this Owner’s Manual carefully before beginning use, so that you will be able to take full advantage of the mixer’s superlative features and enjoy trouble-free operation for years to come. Contents Introduction Features 4 Input Channels................................ page 18 Contents .............................................................. 4 Features ............................................................... 4 Before Turning on the Mixer ................................. 5 Turning the Power On .......................................... 5 With up to four mic/line inputs or up to three stereo inputs, the MG8/2FX can simultaneously connect to a wide range of devices: microphones, line-level devices, stereo synthesizers, and more. For example, you can connect two microphones and three stereo devices, or four microphones and one stereo device. Making the Most Of Your Mixer 6 1. A Place For Everything and Everything In Its Place.................................... 6 2. Where Your Signal Goes Once It’s Inside the Box ........................................... 9 3. The First Steps in Achieving Great Sound ................................................. 10 4. Internal and External Effect Mixes................ 12 5. Making Better Mixes..................................... 13 Front & Rear Panels 15 Channel Control Section .................................... 15 Master Control Section ...................................... 16 Input/Output Section .......................................... 18 Rear Section ...................................................... 19 Setting Up 20 Setup Procedure ................................................ 20 Setup Examples ................................................. 20 Mounting to a Microphone Stand ....................... 21 Appendix 22 Specifications ..................................................... 22 Dimensional Diagrams ....................................... 24 Block Diagram and Level Diagram .................... 25 4 MG8/2FX Phantom Power (+48 V) .................. page 16 A single switch turns phantom power on or off for four mic inputs. Phantom power enables easy connection to condenser microphones that require external power. High-quality digital effects............. page 16 With digital effects built in, the MG8/2FX can deliver a wide range of sound variations all by itself. The unit also includes an EFFECT SEND jack that can be used to connect an external effector. Send to external effector ............... page 19 You can use the EFFECT SEND jack to send the signal from the EFFECT bus to an external effector, and you can use the RETURN jack to reinput the effector’s stereo output. Optional Mic Stand ......................... page 21 The optional BMS-10A Mic Stand Adaptor makes it easy to mount the MG8/2FX on a microphone stand. Your mixer integrates easily into a wide variety of setups. Introduction Before Turning on the Mixer Turning the Power On 1 Press the mixer’s power switch to the ON position. When you are ready to turn the power off, press the power switch to the STANDBY position. Be sure that the mixer’s power switch is in the STANDBY position. Use only the PA-10 adaptor included with this mixer. Use of a different adaptor may result in equipment damage, overheating, or fire. 2 Note that trace current continues to flow while the switch is in the STANDBY position. If you do not plan to use the mixer again for a long while, please be sure to unplug the adaptor from the wall outlet. Connect the power adaptor to the AC ADAPTOR IN connector (1) on the rear of the mixer, and then turn the fastening ring clockwise (2) to secure the connection. 2 1 3 Plug the power adaptor into a standard household power outlet. • Be sure to unplug the adaptor from the outlet when not using the mixer, or when there are lightning storms in the area. • To avoid generating unwanted noise, make sure there is 50 cm or more between the power adaptor and the mixer. MG8/2FX 5 Making the Most Of Your Mixer Making the Most Of Your Mixer ■ An Introduction You’ve got yourself a mixer and now you’re ready to use it. Just plug everything in, twiddle the controls, and away you go … right? Well, if you’ve done this before you won’t have any problems, but if this is the first time you’ve ever used a mixer you might want to read through this little tutorial and pick up a few basics that will help you get better performance and make better mixes. 1. A Place For Everything and Everything In Its Place 1-1. A Plethora Of Connectors—What Goes Where? Questions you’re likely to encounter when setting up a system for the first time might include “Why all these different types of connectors on the back of my mixer?” and “What’s the difference?”. Let’s start by taking a look at the most common connector types. ■ The Venerable RCA Pin Jack White Red This is the “consumer connector,” and the one that has been most commonly used on home audio gear for many years. Also known as “phono” jacks (short for “phonogram”), but the term isn’t used much these days—besides, it’s too easily confusable with “phone” jacks, below. RCA pin jacks are always unbalanced, and generally carry a line-level signal at –10 dB, nominal. You’re most likely to use this type of connector when connecting a CD player or other home audio type source to your mixer, or when connecting the output of your mixer to a cassette recorder or similar gear. ■ The Versatile Phone Jack Stereo/TRS phone plug Mono phone plug 6 MG8/2FX The name “phone jack” arose simply because this configuration was first used in telephone switchboards. Phone jacks can be tricky because you can’t always tell what type of signal they’re designed to handle just by looking at them. It could be unbalanced mono, unbalanced stereo, balanced mono, or an insert patch point. The connector’s label will usually tell you what type of signal it handles, as will the owner’s manual (you do keep your manuals in a safe place, don’t you?). A phone jack that is set up to handle balanced signals is also often referred to as a “TRS” phone jack. “TRS” stands for Tip-Ring-Sleeve, which describes the configuration of the phone plug used. Making the Most Of Your Mixer ■ The Sturdy XLR Male This type of connector is generally referred to as “XLR-type,” and almost always carries a balanced signal. If the corresponding circuitry is designed properly, however, XLR-type connectors will also handle unbalanced signals with no problem. Microphone cables usually have this type of connector, as do the inputs and outputs of most professional audio gear. Female 1-2. Balanced, Unbalanced—What’s the Difference? In a word: “noise.” The whole point of balanced lines is noise rejection, and it’s something they’re very good at. Any length of wire will act as an antenna to pick up the random electromagnetic radiation we’re constantly surrounded by: radio and TV signals as well as spurious electromagnetic noise generated by power lines, motors, electric appliances, computer monitors, and a variety of other sources. The longer the wire, the more noise it is likely to pick up. That’s why balanced lines are the best choice for long cable runs. If your “studio” is basically confined to your desktop and all connections are no more than a meter or two in length, then unbalanced lines are fine—unless you’re surrounded by extremely high levels of electromagnetic noise. Another place balanced lines are almost always used is in microphone cables. The reason for this is that the output signal from most microphones is very small, so even a tiny amount of noise will be relatively large, and will be amplified to an alarming degree in the mixer’s high-gain head amplifier. To summarize: Microphones: Short line-level runs: Long line-level runs: Use balanced lines. Unbalanced lines are fine if you’re in a relatively noise-free environment. The ambient electromagnetic noise level will be the ultimate deciding factor, but balanced is best. ■ How Do Balanced Lines Reject Noise? ** Skip this section if technical details make you queasy. ** Balanced lines work on the principle of “phase cancellation”: if you add two identical signals out of phase (i.e. one signal is inverted so its peaks coincide with the troughs in the other signal), the result is … nothing. A flat line. The signals cancel each other out. Normal-phase signal. No signal. (Phase cancellation) Reverse-phase signal. MG8/2FX 7 Making the Most Of Your Mixer A balanced cable has three conductors: 1) 2) 3) A ground conductor which carries no signal, just the “ground” or “0” reference against which the signal in the other conductors fluctuates. A “hot” or “+” conductor which carries the normal-phase audio signal. A “cold” or “–” conductor which carries the reverse-phase audio signal. While the desired audio signals in the hot and cold conductors are out of phase, any noise induced in the line will be exactly the same in both conductors, and thus in phase. The trick is that the phase of one signal is reversed at the receiving end of the line so that the desired audio signals become in-phase, and the induced noise suddenly finds itself out of phase. The out-of-phase noise signal is effectively canceled while the audio signal is left intact. Clever, eh? Normal-phase signal + normal-phase noise. Desired signal with no noise. Normal-phase signal + reverse-phase noise. 1-3. Signal Levels—Decibel Do’s and Don’ts From the moment you start dealing with things audio, you’ll have to deal with the term “decibel” and its abbreviation, “dB”. Things can get confusing because decibels are a very versatile unit of measure used to describe acoustic sound pressure levels as well as electronic signal levels. To make matters worse there are a number of variations: dBu, dBV, dBm. Fortunately, you don’t need to be an expert to make things work. Here are a few basics you should keep in mind: ● “Consumer” gear (such as home audio equipment) usually has line inputs and outputs with a nominal (average) level of –10 dB. ● Professional audio gear usually has line inputs and outputs with a nominal level of +4 dB. ● You should always feed –10 dB inputs with a –10 dB signal. If you feed a +4 dB signal into a –10 dB input you are likely to overload the input. ● You should always feed +4 dB inputs with a +4 dB signal. A –10 dB signal is too small for a +4 dB input, and will result in less-than-optimum performance. ● Many professional and semi-professional devices have level switches on the inputs and/or outputs that let you select –10 or +4 dB. Be sure to set these switches to match the level of the connected equipment. ● Inputs that feature a “Gain” control—such as the mono-channel inputs on your Yamaha mixer—will accept a very wide range of input levels because the control can be used to match the input’s sensitivity to the signal. More on this later. 8 MG8/2FX Making the Most Of Your Mixer 2. Where Your Signal Goes Once It’s Inside the Box At first glance the block diagram of even a modest mixer can look like a space-station schematic. In reality, block diagrams are a great aid in understanding how the signal flows in any mixer. Here’s a greatly simplified block diagram of a generic mixer to help you become familiar with the way these things work. 2-1. Greatly Simplified Mixer Block Diagram Input Channel Master Section Signals from the mixer’s other input channels (if they are assigned to this master output or “bus”). 1 2 3 4 ■ Input Channel ■ Master Section 1 Head Amp 4 Summing Amplifier The very first stage in any mixer, and usually the only stage with significant “gain” or “amplification.” The head amp has a “gain” control that adjusts the mixer’s input sensitivity to match the level of the source. Small signals (e.g. mics) are amplified, and large signals are attenuated. 2 Equalizer Could be simple bass and treble controls or a full-blown 4-band parametric EQ. When boost is applied the EQ stage also has gain. You can actually overload the input channel by applying too much EQ boost. It’s usually better to cut than boost. 5 This is where the actual “mixing” takes place. Signals from all of the mixer’s input channels are “summed” (mixed) together here. 5 Master Fader & Level Meter A stereo, mono, or bus master fader and the mixer’s main output level meter. There could be several master faders depending on the design of the mixer—i.e. the number of buses or outputs it provides. 3 Channel Peak LED & Fader The channel peak LED is your most valuable tool for setting the input “gain” control for optimum performance. Note that it is located after the head amp and EQ stage. MG8/2FX 9 Making the Most Of Your Mixer 3. The First Steps in Achieving Great Sound Before you even consider EQ and effects, or even the overall mix, it is important to make sure that levels are properly set for each individual source. This can’t be stressed enough—initial level setup is vitally important for achieving optimum performance from your mixer! Here’s why … and how. 3-1. The Head Amplifier “Gain” Control Is the Key! Let’s review our simplified mixer block diagram: Each and every “stage” in the mixer’s signal path will add a certain amount of noise to the signal: the head amp, the EQ stage, the summing amplifier, and the other buffer and gain stages that exist in the actual mixer circuit (this applies to analog mixers in particular). The thing to keep in mind is that the amount of noise added by each stage is usually not dependent to any significant degree on the level of the audio signal passing through the circuit. This means that the bigger the desired signal, the smaller the added noise will be in relation to it. In tech-speak this gives us a better “signal-to-noise ratio”—often abbreviated as “S/N ratio.” All of this leads to the following basic rule: To achieve the best overall system S/N ratio, amplify the input to the desired average level as early as possible in the signal path. In our mixer, that means the head amplifier. If you don’t get the signal up to the desired level at the head amplifier stage, you will need to apply more gain at later stages, which will only amplify the noise contributed by the preceding stages. Just remember that too much initial gain is bad too, because it will overload our channel circuitry and cause clipping. 10 MG8/2FX Making the Most Of Your Mixer 3-2. Level Setup Procedure For Optimum Performance Now that we know what we have to do, how do we do it? If you take another quick look at the mixer block diagram you’ll notice that there’s a peak indicator located right after the head amplifier and EQ stages, and therein lays our answer! Although the exact procedure you use will depend on the type of mixer you use and the application, as well as your personal preferences, here’s a general outline: 1 Start by setting all level controls to their minimum: master faders, channel faders, and input gain controls. Also make sure that no EQ is applied (no boost or cut), and that all effects and dynamic processors included in the system are defeated or bypassed. 2 Apply the source signal to each channel one at a time: have singers sing, players play, and playback devices play back at the loudest expected level. Gradually turn up the input gain control while the signal is being applied to the corresponding channel until the peak indicator begins to flash, then back off a little so that the peak indicator flashes only occasionally. Repeat for each active channel. 3 4 Raise your master fader(s) to their nominal levels (this will be the “▼” markings on the fader scale). Now, with all sources playing, you can raise the channel faders and set up an initial rough mix. That’s basically all there is to it. But do keep your eyes on the main output level meters while setting up the mix to be sure you don’t stay in the “peak zone” all the time. If the output level meters are peaking constantly you will need to lower the channel faders until the overall program falls within a good range—and this will depend on the “dynamic range” of your program material. MG8/2FX 11 Making the Most Of Your Mixer 4. Internal and External Effect Mixes 4-1. Effect Bus For Convenient Effect Control There are a number of reasons why you might want to “tap” the signal flowing through your mixer at some point before the main outputs: the two most common being to create a monitor mix and to process the signal via one or more effect units and then bring it back into the mix. Monitor mixing is not always required in small consoles, but effect processing is important in a wide range of applications. Your mixer has an effect bus that lets you send the channel signals to the internal effect processor as well as to external effect gear connected to the EFFECT SEND output. Larger mixing consoles might have 6, 8, or even more auxiliary and effect buses to handle a variety of signal routing and processing needs. Using the effect buses and controls on your mixer is pretty straightforward. The more you rotate the EFFECT control on any channel clockwise, the more signal is sent from that channel to both the internal effect processor and the EFFECT SEND jack. The effect send is “post-fader,” which means that the signal is taken from a point after the channel fader, so its level will be affected by both the effect send level control and the channel fader. This is important because it means that once you set the amount of reverb that you want to add to the channel by using the EFFECT control, for example, you can use the channel fader to raise or lower the overall channel level while maintaining the balance between the main channel signal and the reverb effect. 4-2. Channel Inserts for Channel-specific Processing Another way to get the mixer’s signal outside the box is to use the channel inserts. The channel inserts are almost always located before the channel fader and, when used, actually “break” the mixer’s internal signal path. Unlike the EFFECT send and return, the channel insert only applies to the corresponding channel. Channel inserts are most commonly used for applying a dynamics processor such as a compressor or limiter to a specific channel—although they can be used with just about any type of in/out processor. Channel Fader When a plug is inserted into the channel insert jack, the internal signal path is interrupted and sent outside the mixer for external processing. Channel insert jacks must be used with a special insert cable that has a TRS phone jack on one end and mono phone jacks on the split “Y” end. One of the mono phone jacks carries the “send” signal to be fed to the input of the external processor, and the other carries the “return” signal from the output of the processor. To the input jack of the external processor To the INSERT I/O jack Sleeve Sleeve Ring Tip 12 MG8/2FX Tip To the output jack of the external processor Making the Most Of Your Mixer 5. Making Better Mixes 5-1. Approaching the Mix—Where Do You Start? Mixing is easy, right? Just twiddle the faders around until it sounds right? Well, you can do it that way, but a more systematic approach that is suited to the material you’re mixing will produce much better results, and faster. There are no rules, and you’ll probably end up developing a system that works best for you. But the key is to develop a system rather than working haphazardly. Here are a few ideas to get you started: ■ Faders Down It might sound overly simple, but it is usually a good idea to start with all channel faders off—all the way down. It’s also possible to start with all faders at their nominal settings, but it’s too easy to lose perspective with this approach. Start with all faders down, then bring them up one by one to fill out the mix. But which channel should you start with? Example1: Vocal Ballad Backed by Piano Trio What are you mixing? Is it a song in which the vocals are the most important element? If so you might want to build the mix around the vocals. This means bringing the vocal channel up to nominal first (if your level setup procedure has been done properly this will be a good starting point), and then adding the other instruments. What you add next will depend on the type of material you are working with and your approach to it. If the vocals are backed by a piano trio and the song is a ballad, for example, you might want to bring in the piano next and get the vocal/piano relationship just right, then bring in the bass and drums to support the overall sound. ■ Music First—Then Mix In any case, the music comes first. Think about the music and let it guide the mix, rather than trying to do things the other way around. What is the music saying and what instrument or technique is being used to drive the message? That’s where the focus of your mix should be. You’re using a high-tech tool to do the mixing, but the mix itself is as much art as the music. Approach it that way and your mixes will become a vital part of the music. 5-2. Panning For Cleaner Mixes Not only does the way you pan your individual channels determine where the instruments appear in the stereo sound field, but it is also vital to give each instrument it’s own “space” so that it doesn’t conflict with other instruments. Unlike live sound in a real acoustic space, recorded stereo sound is basically 2-dimensional (although some types of surround sound are actually very 3-dimensional), and instruments positioned right on top of each other will often get in each other’s way—particularly if they are in the same frequency range or have a similar sound. Example2: Funky R&B Groove The approach will be totally different if you’re mixing a funky R&B number that centers on the groove. In this case most engineers will start with the drums, and then add the bass. The relationship between the drums and bass is extremely important to achieve the “drive” or groove the music rides on. Pay particular attention to how the bass works with the kick (bass drum). They should almost sound like a single instrument—with the kick supplying the punch and the bass supplying the pitch. Once again, there are no rules, but these are concepts that have been proven to work well. MG8/2FX 13 Making the Most Of Your Mixer ■ Spread them Out! Position your instruments so they have room to “breathe,” and connect in the most musical way with other instruments. Sometimes, however, you’ll want to deliberately pan sounds close together, or even right on top of one another, to emphasize their relationship. There are no hard-and-fast rules. Normally (but this is not a rule), bass and lead vocals will be panned to center, as will the kick drum if the drums are in stereo. 5-3. To EQ Or Not To EQ In general: less is better. There are many situations in which you’ll need to cut certain frequency ranges, but use boost sparingly, and with caution. Proper use of EQ can eliminate interference between instruments in a mix and give the overall sound better definition. Bad EQ—and most commonly bad boost—just sounds terrible. ■ Cut For a Cleaner Mix For example: cymbals have a lot of energy in the mid and low frequency ranges that you don’t really perceive as musical sound, but which can interfere with the clarity of other instruments in these ranges. You can basically turn the low EQ on cymbal channels all the way down without changing the way they sound in the mix. You’ll hear the difference, however, in the way the mix sounds more “spacious,” and instruments in the lower ranges will have better definition. Surprisingly enough, piano also has an incredibly powerful low end that can benefit from a bit of low-frequency roll-off to let other instruments—notably drums and bass—do their jobs more effectively. Naturally you won’t want to do this if the piano is playing solo. The reverse applies to kick drums and bass guitars: you can often roll off the high end to create more space in the mix without compromising the character of the instruments. You’ll have to use your ears, though, because each instrument is different and sometimes you’ll want the “snap” of a bass guitar, for example, to come through. ■ Boost With Caution If you’re trying to create special or unusual effects, go ahead and boost away as much as you like. But if you’re just trying to achieve a good-sounding mix, boost only in very small increments. A tiny boost in the midrange can give vocals more presence, or a touch of high boost can give certain instruments more “air.” Listen, and if things don’t sound clear and clean try using cut to remove frequencies that are cluttering up the mix rather than trying to boost the mix into clarity. One of the biggest problems with too much boost is that it adds gain to the signal, increasing noise and potentially overloading the subsequent circuitry. 14 MG8/2FX 5-4. Ambience Judicious application of reverb and/or delay via the mixer’s effect busses can really polish a mix, but too much can “wash out” the mix and reduce overall clarity. The way you set up your reverb sound can make a huge difference in the way it meshes with the mix. ■ Reverb/Delay Time Different reverb/delay units offer different capabilities, but most offer some means of adjusting the reverb time. A little extra time spent matching the reverb time to the music being mixed can mean the difference between great and merely average sound. The reverb time you choose will depend to a great degree on the tempo and “density” of the mix at hand. Slower tempos and lower densities (i.e. sparser mixes with less sonic activity) can sound good with relatively long reverb times. But long reverb times can completely wash out a faster more active piece of music. Similar principles applies to delay. ■ Reverb Tone How “bright” or “bassy” a reverb sound is also has a huge impact on the sound of your mix. Different reverb units offer different means of controlling this—balance between the high- and low-frequency reverb times, simple EQ, and others. A reverb that is too bright will not only sound unnatural, but it will probably get in the way of delicate highs you want to come through in your mix. If you find yourself hearing more high-end reverb than mix detail, try reducing the brightness of the reverb sound. This will allow you to get full-bodied ambience without compromising clarity. ■ Reverb Level It’s amazing how quickly your ears can lose perspective and fool you into believing that a totally washed-out mix sounds perfectly fine. To avoid falling into this trap start with reverb level all the way down, then gradually bring the reverb into the mix until you can just hear the difference. Any more than this normally becomes a “special effect.” You don’t want reverb to dominate the mix unless you are trying to create the effect of a band in a cave—which is a perfectly legitimate creative goal if that’s the sort of thing you’re aiming for. 5-5. Built-in Effects Your MG mixer features a high-performance internal effect system offers extraordinary sound-processing power and versatility without the need for external equipment. The internal DSP (Digital Signal Processor) lets you individually add reverb and delay to each channel in the same way that you can with an external effect unit – but you don’t need to wire up any extra gear, and won’t suffer the signal quality loss that external connections sometimes entail. For details see page 16. Front & Rear Panels Front & Rear Panels Channel Control Section 4 Equalizer (HIGH, MID, and LOW) Channels 1 and 2 (Monaural) Channels 3/4 and 5/6 (Stereo) Channels 7/8 (Stereo) 1 3 2 4 This three-band equalizer adjusts the channel’s high, mid, and low frequency bands. Setting the knob to the ▼ position produces a flat frequency response. Turning the knob to the right boosts the corresponding frequency band, while turning to the left attenuates the band. The following table shows the EQ type, base frequency, and maximum cut/boost for each of the three bands. Band Type Base Frequency Maximum Cut/Boost HIGH Shelving 10 kHz MID Peaking 2.5 kHz LOW Shelving 100 Hz ±15 dB 5 EFFECT Controls 5 5 5 6 6 6 Adjusts the level of the signal sent from the channel to the EFFECT bus. Note that the signal level to the bus is also affected by the Channel LEVEL Control. If you are using stereo channels (CHs 3/4, 5/6, 7/8), the signals from the L (odd) and R (even) channels are mixed and then sent to the EFFECT bus. 6 PAN Control (CHs 1 and 2) 7 7 7 1 GAIN Control Adjusts the input signal level. To get the best balance between the S/N ratio and the dynamic range, adjust the level so that the PEAK indicator (2) comes on only at about maximum input level. The –60 to –16 scale indicates the MIC input adjustment level. The –34 to +10 scale indicates the LINE input adjustment level. 2 PEAK Indicator Detects the peak level of the post-EQ signal, and lights up red when the level reaches 3 dB below the clipping level. For XLR-equipped stereo input channels (3/4 and 5/6), detects both post-EQ and post-mic-amp peak levels, and lights red if either of these levels reaches 3 dB below the clipping level. 3 PAN/BAL Control (CHs 3/4 and 5/6) BAL Control (CH 7/8) The PAN control determines the positioning of the channel’s signal on the Stereo L and R buses. The BAL control knob sets the balance between left and right channels. Signals into the L input (odd channel) feed to the Stereo L bus; signals into the R input (even channel) feed to the Stereo R bus. NOTE On channels where this knob provides both PAN and BAL controls: The knob operates as a PAN control if you are inputting through the MIC jack or into the L (MONO) input only, and operates as a BAL control if you are inputting into both L and R inputs. 7 Channel LEVEL Control Adjusts the output level of the signal being input to the channel. Use these LEVEL Controls to adjust the volume balance among the various channels. NOTE To reduce noise, set the LEVEL Control knobs for unused channels all the way to the left (to the minimum setting). Switch (High Pass Filter) This switch toggles the HPF on or off. To turn the HPF on, press the switch in ( ). The HPF cuts frequencies below 80 Hz. (But note that regardless of the switch setting, the mixer does not apply this HPF to the line inputs of stereo input channels.) MG8/2FX 15 Front & Rear Panels Master Control Section 3 2TR IN Control Adjusts the level of the signal sent from the 2TR IN jack to the Stereo bus. 1 7 8 REVERB HALL 2 REVERB ROOM 1 REVERB ROOM 2 REVERB STAGE 1 REVERB STAGE 2 DRUM AMBIENCE KARAOKE ECHO Adjusts the signal level to the ST OUT jacks. 5 C-R/PHONES LEVEL Control REVERB HALL 1 REVERB PLATE 4 ST Master LEVEL Control 6 Controls the level of the signal output to the PHONES jack and the C-R L and R jacks. VOCAL ECHO 6 Level Meter CHORUS 1 CHORUS 2 FLANGER PHASER AUTO WAH 2 3 DISTORTION 5 4 This LED display shows the level of the signal fed to the Stereo bus. The “0” point corresponds to the standard output level. The indicator lights up red when the output hits the clipping level. 7 POWER Indicator This indicator lights up when the mixer’s power is ON. 1 PHANTOM +48 V Switch 8 DIGITAL EFFECT This switch toggles phantom power on and off. If you set the switch on, the mixer supplies power to all channels that provide XLR mic input jacks (CHs 1, 2, 3/4, 5/6). Set this switch on ( ) when using one or more condenser microphones. When this switch is on, the mixer supplies DC +48 V power to pins 2 and 3 of all XLR-type MIC INPUT jacks. NOTE • • • Be sure to leave this switch off ( need phantom power. ) if you do not When tuning the switch on ( ), be sure that only condenser mics are connected to the XLR input jacks (CHs: 1 to 5/6). Devices other than condenser mics may be damaged if connected to the phantom power supply. Note, however, that the switch may be left on without problem when connecting to balanced dynamic microphones. To avoid damage to speakers, be sure to turn off amplifiers (or powered speakers) before turning this switch on or off. We also recommend that you turn all output controls (ST Master LEVEL Control, etc.) to minimum settings before operating the switch, to avoid risk of loud noises that could cause hearing loss or device damage. 2 RETURN Control Adjusts the level of the signal sent from the RETURN jacks (L (MONO) and R) to the Stereo bus. NOTE 16 MG8/2FX If you supply a signal to the RETURN L (MONO) jack only, the mixer outputs the identical signal to both the L and R Stereo buses. • PROGRAM Dial Selects the internal digital effect to be applied. You can select from 16 effects, as shown in the table. No Program Parameter 1 REVERB HALL 1 REVERB TIME 2 REVERB HALL 2 REVERB TIME 3 REVERB ROOM 1 REVERB TIME 4 REVERB ROOM 2 REVERB TIME 5 REVERB STAGE 1 REVERB TIME 6 REVERB STAGE 2 REVERB TIME 7 REVERB PLATE REVERB TIME 8 DRUM AMBIENCE REVERB TIME 9 KARAOKE ECHO DELAY TIME 0 VOCAL ECHO DELAY TIME A CHORUS 1 LFO FREQ B CHORUS 2 LFO FREQ C FLANGER LFO FREQ D PHASER LFO FREQ E AUTO WAH LFO FREQ F DISTORTION DRIVE Front & Rear Panels • PARAMETER Control Adjusts the parameter (depth, speed, etc.) for the selected effect. NOTE The mixer saves the last value used with each effect type. When you change to a different effect type, the mixer automatically restores the value that was previously used with the newly selected effect (regardless of the current position of the PARAMETER Control knob). These parameter values are retained even after power-off. • ON Switch Switches use of the internal effect on or off. The internal effect is applied only if this switch is turned on. The switch lights up orange to indicate that it is on. With the (separately sold) YAMAHA FC5 foot switch connected, you can use your foot to toggle the digital effects ON and OFF. NOTE When you turn on the power, the ON switch lights up and the internal effector becomes active. • EFFECT RTN Control Adjusts the signal level from the internal digital effector to the STEREO bus. MG8/2FX 17 Front & Rear Panels Input/Output Section 1 3 4 2 9 1 Channel Input Jacks (CHs 1, 2, 3/4, 5/6) • LINE jacks These are balanced phone-type input jacks. You can connect either balanced or unbalanced phone plugs to these jacks. Where an input channel provides both a MIC jack and a LINE jack, you may use either one of these jacks but you may not use both at the same time. Please connect to only one of these jacks on each channel. These are unbalanced phone-type input/output jacks. Each of these jacks is positioned between the equalizer and Channel LEVEL Control of the corresponding input channel. These jacks can be used to independently connect these channels to devices such as graphic equalizers, compressors, and noise filters. These are TRS (tip, ring, sleeve) phone jacks that support bidirectional operation. NOTE Connection to an INSERT I/O jack requires a special separately-sold insertion cable such as illustrated below. To the input jack of the external processor To the INSERT I/O jack Sleeve Sleeve Ring Tip 18 MG8/2FX Tip To the output jack of the external processor 7 0 3 Channel Input Jacks (CH 7/8) Each of these channel pairs can be used to input a stereo source signal. For each pair, the odd-numbered channel inputs the L signal, and the even-numbered channel inputs the R signal. Each channel offers a choice of two jack types: phone jack and RCA pin jack. All of these jacks are unbalanced. NOTE 2 INSERT I/O Jacks (CHs 1 and 2) 8 A The signal output from the INSERT I/O jacks is reverse-phased. This will not be a problem if connecting the jack to an effector. If using the jack to output to an external device, however, please be aware of possible phase conflicts with other signals. • MIC jacks These are balanced XLR-type input jacks (1:Ground; 2:Hot; 3:Cold). NOTE 56 Where a channel provides both a phone jack and an RCA pin jack, you may use either one of these jacks but you may not use both at the same time. Please connect to only of these jacks on each channel. 4 2TR IN Jacks These are unbalanced RCA-pin input jacks. Use these jacks when you want to connect a stereo sound source (CD, DAT, etc.) directly to the mixer for monitoring. NOTE You can adjust the signal level using the 2TR IN control in the Master Control section. 5 REC OUT (L, R) Jacks These are unbalanced RCA-pin output jacks. These jacks output the mixed signal whose level is controlled by the ST Master LEVEL Control. You use these jacks, for example, to connect to an external recorder. Front & Rear Panels 6 ST OUT (L, R) Jacks 9 RETURN L (MONO), R Jacks These are impedance-balanced phone-type output jacks. These jacks output the mixed signal whose level is controlled by the ST Master LEVEL Control. You use these jacks, for example, to connect to the power amplifier driving your main speakers. 7 C-R OUT Jacks These are impedance-balanced phone-type output jacks. These jacks output the mixed signal whose level is controlled by the C-R/PHONES LEVEL Control. You use these jacks, for example, to connect to the monitor system. 8 SEND Jacks • EFFECT This is an impedance-balanced phone-type output jack that outputs the signal from the EFFECT bus. You use this jack, for example, to connect to an external effector. These are unbalanced phone-type input jacks. The signal received by these jacks is sent to the Stereo bus. These jacks are typically used to receive a return signal from an external effector (reverb, delay, etc.). NOTE These jacks can also be used as an auxiliary stereo input. If you connect to the L (MONO) jack only, the mixer will recognize the signal as monaural and will propagate the identical signal on both L and R jacks. 0 PHONES Jack Connector for headphones. This is a balanced phone-type output jack. A FOOT SWITCH Jack This phone input jack can connect to the (separately sold) YAMAHA FC5 foot switch. With the foot switch connected, you can use your foot to toggle the digital effects ON and OFF. Connector Polarities MIC INPUT Pin 1: Ground Pin 2: Hot (+) Pin 3: Cold (–) LINE INPUT (monaural channels), ST OUT, C-R OUT, EFFECT * Tip: Hot (+) Ring: Cold (–) Sleeve: Ground INSERT I/O Tip: Output Ring: Input Sleeve: Ground PHONES Tip: L Ring: R Sleeve: Ground RETURN, LINE INPUT (stereo channels) Tip: Hot Sleeve: Ground INPUT OUTPUT Ring Sleeve Sleeve * Tip Tip These jacks will also accept connection to monaural phone plugs. If you use monaural plugs, the connection will be unbalanced. Rear Section 1 AC ADAPTOR IN Connector Connects to the included PA-10 power adaptor (see page 5). Use only the PA-10 adaptor included with this mixer. Use of a different adaptor may result in fire or electric shock. 1 2 2 POWER Switch Use this switch to set mixer power to ON or STANDBY. Note that trace current continues to flow while the switch is in the STANDBY position. If you do not plan to use the mixer again for a long while, be sure to unplug the adaptor from the wall outlet. MG8/2FX 19 Setting Up Setting Up Setup Procedure 1 Before connecting to microphones and instruments, be sure that all devices are turned off. Also be sure that all of the channel controls and all of the controls in the Master Control section are turned to their minimum settings. 2 For each connection, connect one end of the cable to the relevant microphone or instrument and connect the other end to the appropriate input jack on the mixer. NOTE 3 Where an input channel provides both a MIC INPUT jack and a LINE INPUT jack, you may use either one of these jacks but you may not use both at the same time. Please connect to only one of these jacks on each channel. To avoid causing damage to speakers, power up the devices in the following order: Peripheral devices → mixer → power amps (or powered speakers). NOTE When shutting the system down, turn off the power in the opposite order: Power amps (powered speakers) → mixer → peripheral devices. Setup Examples Sound Source (CD, MD, DAT, Cassette, Video, etc.) Synthesizer Sound Source (CD, MD, DAT, Cassette, Video, etc.) Master Recorder (MD, CD-R, DAT, etc.) MTR Rhythm Machine Foot Switch (YAMAHA FC5) Powered Monitor Speakers Microphone Headphones Guitar Effector 20 MG8/2FX Setting Up Mounting to a Microphone Stand 1 • When using the mixer on a microphone stand, be sure to set the stand on a level and stable surface. Do not set up the stand in locations subject to vibrations or wind. • Note that mixer may be damaged if the stand should fall over. Attach the connection cables carefully so that the cables will not catch on the equipment and cause it to fall. For example: arrange the cables so that they run parallel with the microphone pole down to the base of the stand. • Leave ample free space around the stand. Turn the mixer upside-down, and hold the microphone-stand adaptor (BMS-10A; sold separately) against the bottom of the mixer so that the screw holes are aligned (1). Screw the adaptor firmly into place with the two screws (2). 3 Loosen the angle adjustment wingnut (1), adjust the mixer’s angle as desired (2), and then tighten the wingnut securely (3). 2 3 1 For more information, refer to the BMS-10A Owner’s Manual. 2 1 2 Turn the mixer right-side up, and mount it onto your microphone stand. MG8/2FX 21 Appendix Appendix Specifications ■ Electrical Characteristics Total Harmonic Distortion (MIC to ST OUT) Frequency Response (MIC to ST OUT) Hum & Noise (20 Hz - 20 kHz) Rs=150 ohms, Gain=Maximum, Sensitivity=–60 dBu, Hum & Noise are measured with a –6 dB/octave filter @12.7 kHz;equivalent to a 20 kHz filter with infinite dB/octave attenuation. Maximum Voltage Gain PAN/BAL : panned hard left or hard right. Crosstalk (1 kHz) Monaural/Stereo Input GAIN Control Conditions (THD+N) 20 Hz - 20 kHz @+14dBu 10k ohms (CH1, 2) with Signal input CH LEVEL Control and ST Master LEVEL Control at nominal level 20 Hz - 20 kHz @+4 dBu 10k ohms with GAIN control at minimum level Equivalent Input Noise (CH1, 2) Residual Output Noise (ST OUT) ST Master Control at nominal level and all CH LEVEL Control at minimum level. (ST OUT) All CH EFFECT Control at minimum level and all CH LEVEL at minimum level. (EFFECT SEND) ST Master Control and one CH LEVEL Control at nominal level. (CH1, 2) (ST OUT) CH MIC INPUT to CH INSERT OUT CH MIC INPUT to ST OUT CH MIC INPUT to REC OUT CH MIC INPUT to EFFECT SEND ST CH MIC INPUT to ST OUT ST CH LINE INPUT to ST OUT ST CH LINE INPUT to EFFECT SEND ST CH INPUT to ST OUT RETURN to ST OUT 2TR INPUT to ST OUT Adjacent inputs input to output variable range MIN –3 TYP 0 MAX UNIT 0.1 % 1 dB –128 –100 –87 (91 dB S/N) –85 (89 dB S/N) –64 (68 dB S/N) dBu dBu 60 76 64.2 70 76 50 41 26 12 23.8 –70 –70 44 dBu dBu dBu dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB Where 0 dBu = 0.775 V ■ General Specifications Monaural/Stereo CH High Pass Filter Monaural/Stereo CH Equalization Turn over /roll-off frequency of shelving, 3 dB below maximum variable level Internal Digital Effect Phantom Power Monaural/Stereo Input PEAK Indicator Level Meters Included Accessories Options Power Consumption Dimensions (W × H × D) 25 W 251 mm × 65 mm × 290.5 mm Weight 1.8 kg Where 0 dBu = 0.775 V 22 80 Hz 12 dB/octave ±15 dB (Max. Variation) HIGH: 10 kHz (shelving) MID: 2.5 kHz (peaking) LOW: 100 Hz (shelving) 16 programs, Parameter control FOOT switch (ON/OFF) Supplied when Phantom +48 V switch is ON. (XLR-type input jacks) On each channel: red indicator lights if post-EQ signal (on ST channels, if either post-EQ signal or post-mic-amp signal) comes within 3 dB of the clipping level. Two 12-points LED level meters [ST (L, R)] Peak point: red indicator +5, +3, +1, 0: yellow indicators –1, –3, –5, –7, –10, –15, –20: green indicators Power adaptor (PA-10) Microphone-stand adaptor (BMS-10A), Footswitch (FC5) MG8/2FX Appendix ■ Input Specifications Input Connector Gain Input Impedance Appropriate Impedance Sensitivity* Nominal Level Max. Before Clipping –72 dBu (0.195 mV) –60 dBu (0.775 mV) –28 dBu (30.9 mV) –16 dBu (123 mV) +4 dBu (1.23 V) –46 dBu (3.88 mV) –34 dBu (15.5 mV) –14 dBu (155 mV) +10 –2 dBu (0.616 V) +10 dBu (2.45 V) +30 dBu (24.5 V) ST CH MIC INPUT (CH3(L)/CH4(R), CH5(L)/CH6(R)) –60 –72 dBu (0.195 mV) –60 dBu (0.775 mV) –40 dBu (7.75 mV) –28 dBu (30.9 mV) –16 dBu (123 mV) –10 dBu (245 mV) ST CH LINE INPUT (CH3(L)/CH4(R), CH5(L)/CH6(R)) –34 –46 dBu (3.88 mV) –34 dBu (15.5 mV) –14 dBu (155 mV) –2 dBu (0.616 V) +10 dBu (2.45 V) +30 dBu (24.5 V) –60 MIC INPUT (CH 1, 2) 3 kΩ 50–600 Ω mic 10 kΩ 600 Ω line –16 –34 LINE INPUT (CH 1, 2) –40 dBu (7.75 mV) Connector Specifications XLR-3-31 type (balanced) Phone jack (TRS) (balanced [T: hot; R: cold; S: ground]) XLR-3-31 type (balanced) 3 kΩ 50–600 Ω mic 10 kΩ 600 Ω line ST CH INPUT (CH7(L)/CH8(R)) 10 kΩ 600 Ω line –22 dBu (61.6 mV) –10 dBu (245 mV) +10 dBu (2.45 V) Phone jack (unbalanced); RCA pin jack CH INSERT IN (CH 1, 2) 10 kΩ 600 Ω line –20 dBu (77.5 mV) 0 dBu (0.775 V) +20 dBu (7.75 V) Phone jack (TRS) (unbalanced [T: out; R: in; S: ground]) RETURN (L, R) 10 kΩ 600 Ω line –12 dBu (195 mV) +4 dBu (1.23 V) +24 dBu (12.3 V) Phone jack (unbalanced) 2TR IN (L, R) 10 kΩ 600 Ω line –26 dBV (50.1 mV) –10 dBV (316 mV) +10 dBV (3.16 V) RCA pin jack –16 +10 Phone jack (unbalanced) Where 0 dBu = 0.775 V and 0 dBV= 1 V * Input sensitivity: the lowest level that will produce the nominal output level when the unit is set to maximum gain. ■ Output Specifications Output Connectors Output Impedance Appropriate Impedance Nominal Level Max. Before Clipping Connector Specifications ST OUT (L, R) 150 Ω 10 kΩ line +4 dBu (1.23 V) +20 dBu (7.75 V) Phone jack (TRS) (impedance balanced [T: hot; R: cold; S: ground]) EFFECT SEND 150 Ω 10 kΩ line +4 dBu (1.23 V) +20 dBu (7.75 V) Phone jack (TRS) (impedance balanced [T: hot; R: cold; S: ground]) CH INSERT OUT (CH 1, 2) 150 Ω 10 kΩ line 0 dBu (0.775 V) +20 dBu (7.75 V) Phone jack (TRS) (unbalanced [T: out; R: in; S: ground]) REC OUT (L, R) 600 Ω 10 kΩ line –10 dBV (316 mV) +10 dBV (3.16 V) RCA pin jack C-R OUT (L, R) 150 Ω 10 kΩ line +4 dBu (1.23 V) +20 dBu (7.75 V) Phone jack (TRS) (impedance balanced [T: hot; R: cold; S: ground]) PHONES 100 Ω 40 Ω phone 3 mW 75 mW Stereo phone jack Where 0 dBu = 0.775 V and 0 dBV= 1 V Specifications and descriptions in this owner’s manual are for information purposes only. Yamaha Corp. reserves the right to change or modify products or specifications at any time without prior notice. Since specifications, equipment or options may not be the same in every locale, please check with your Yamaha dealer. European models Purchaser/User Information specified in EN55103-1 and EN55103-2. Inrush Current: 3A Conforms to Environments: E1, E2, E3 and E4 MG8/2FX 23 Appendix Dimensional Diagrams 65 290.5 251 REVERB HALL 1 REVERB HALL 2 REVERB ROOM 1 REVERB ROOM 2 REVERB STAGE 1 REVERB STAGE 2 REVERB PLATE DRUM AMBIENCE KARAOKE ECHO VOCAL ECHO CHORUS 1 CHORUS 2 FLANGER PHASER AUTO WAH DISTORTION Unit: mm 24 MG8/2FX Appendix Block Diagram and Level Diagram MG8/2FX 25 MEMO 26 MG8/2FX For details of products, please contact your nearest Yamaha representative or the authorized distributor listed below. Pour plus de détails sur les produits, veuillez-vous adresser à Yamaha ou au distributeur le plus proche de vous figurant dans la liste suivante. NORTH AMERICA CANADA Yamaha Canada Music Ltd. 135 Milner Avenue, Scarborough, Ontario, M1S 3R1, Canada Tel: 416-298-1311 Die Einzelheiten zu Produkten sind bei Ihrer unten aufgeführten Niederlassung und bei Yamaha Vertragshändlern in den jeweiligen Bestimmungsländern erhältlich. Para detalles sobre productos, contacte su tienda Yamaha más cercana o el distribuidor autorizado que se lista debajo. Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH, Branch Belgium Rue de Geneve (Genevastraat) 10, 1140 - Brussels, Belgium Tel: 02-726 6032 FRANCE U.S.A. Yamaha Corporation of America 6600 Orangethorpe Ave., Buena Park, Calif. 90620, U.S.A. Tel: 714-522-9011 CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA MEXICO Yamaha de México S.A. de C.V. Calz. Javier Rojo Gómez #1149, Col. Guadalupe del Moral C.P. 09300, México, D.F., México Tel: 55-5804-0600 BRAZIL Yamaha Musical do Brasil Ltda. Av. Reboucas 2636-Pinheiros CEP: 05402-400 Sao Paulo-SP. Brasil Tel: 011-3085-1377 ARGENTINA Yamaha Music Latin America, S.A. Sucursal de Argentina Viamonte 1145 Piso2-B 1053, Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel: 1-4371-7021 PANAMA AND OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES/ CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES Yamaha Music Latin America, S.A. Torre Banco General, Piso 7, Urbanización Marbella, Calle 47 y Aquilino de la Guardia, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá Tel: +507-269-5311 EUROPE THE UNITED KINGDOM Yamaha-Kemble Music (U.K.) Ltd. Sherbourne Drive, Tilbrook, Milton Keynes, MK7 8BL, England Tel: 01908-366700 GERMANY Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH Siemensstraße 22-34, 25462 Rellingen, Germany Tel: 04101-3030 SWITZERLAND/LIECHTENSTEIN Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH, Branch Switzerland Seefeldstrasse 94, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland Tel: 01-383 3990 AUSTRIA Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH, Branch Austria Schleiergasse 20, A-1100 Wien, Austria Tel: 01-60203900 ASIA BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG Yamaha Musique France BP 70-77312 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France Tel: 01-64-61-4000 ITALY Yamaha Musica Italia S.P.A. Combo Division Viale Italia 88, 20020 Lainate (Milano), Italy Tel: 02-935-771 SPAIN/PORTUGAL Yamaha-Hazen Música, S.A. Ctra. de la Coruna km. 17, 200, 28230 Las Rozas (Madrid), Spain Tel: 91-639-8888 SWEDEN Yamaha Scandinavia AB J. A. Wettergrens Gata 1 Box 30053 S-400 43 Göteborg, Sweden Tel: 031 89 34 00 INDONESIA PT. Yamaha Music Indonesia (Distributor) PT. Nusantik Gedung Yamaha Music Center, Jalan Jend. Gatot Subroto Kav. 4, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia Tel: 21-520-2577 KOREA Yamaha Music Korea Ltd. Tong-Yang Securities Bldg. 16F 23-8 Yoido-dong, Youngdungpo-ku, Seoul, Korea Tel: 02-3770-0660 MALAYSIA Yamaha Music Malaysia, Sdn., Bhd. Lot 8, Jalan Perbandaran, 47301 Kelana Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: 3-78030900 Yamaha Music Asia Pte., Ltd. #03-11 A-Z Building 140 Paya Lebor Road, Singapore 409015 Tel: 747-4374 YS Copenhagen Liaison Office Generatorvej 6A DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark Tel: 44 92 49 00 NORWAY Norsk filial av Yamaha Scandinavia AB Grini Næringspark 1 N-1345 Østerås, Norway Tel: 67 16 77 70 OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH Siemensstraße 22-34, 25462 Rellingen, Germany Tel: +49-4101-3030 AFRICA Yamaha Corporation, Asia-Pacific Music Marketing Group Nakazawa-cho 10-1, Hamamatsu, Japan 430-8650 Tel: +81-53-460-2313 MIDDLE EAST TURKEY/CYPRUS Yamaha Music Central Europe GmbH Siemensstraße 22-34, 25462 Rellingen, Germany Tel: 04101-3030 Yamaha Music Gulf FZE LB21-128 Jebel Ali Freezone P.O.Box 17328, Dubai, U.A.E. Tel: +971-4-881-5868 Yamaha Music & Electronics (China) Co.,Ltd. 25/F., United Plaza, 1468 Nanjing Road (West), Jingan, Shanghai, China Tel: 021-6247-2211 SINGAPORE DENMARK OTHER COUNTRIES THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA TAIWAN Yamaha KHS Music Co., Ltd. 3F, #6, Sec.2, Nan Jing E. Rd. Taipei. Taiwan 104, R.O.C. Tel: 02-2511-8688 THAILAND Siam Music Yamaha Co., Ltd. 891/1 Siam Motors Building, 15-16 floor Rama 1 road, Wangmai, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand Tel: 02-215-2626 OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES Yamaha Corporation, Asia-Pacific Music Marketing Group Nakazawa-cho 10-1, Hamamatsu, Japan 430-8650 Tel: +81-53-460-2317 OCEANIA AUSTRALIA Yamaha Music Australia Pty. Ltd. Level 1, 99 Queensbridge Street, Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia Tel: 3-9693-5111 COUNTRIES AND TRUST TERRITORIES IN PACIFIC OCEAN Yamaha Corporation, Asia-Pacific Music Marketing Group Nakazawa-cho 10-1, Hamamatsu, Japan 430-8650 Tel: +81-53-460-2313 THE NETHERLANDS Yamaha Music Central Europe, Branch Nederland Clarissenhof 5-b, 4133 AB Vianen, The Netherlands Tel: 0347-358 040 HEAD OFFICE Yamaha Corporation, Pro Audio & Digital Musical Instrument Division Nakazawa-cho 10-1, Hamamatsu, Japan 430-8650 Tel: +81-53-460-2441 PA11 Yamaha Pro Audio global web site http://www.yamahaproaudio.com/ Yamaha Manual Library http://www2.yamaha.co.jp/manual/english/ U.R.G., Pro Audio & Digital Musical Instrument Division, Yamaha Corporation © 2004 Yamaha Corporation WC70700 408CRAP12.3-01A0 Printed in China